Structure and working of India constitution

The Constitution of India is the supreme law of the country, laying down the framework for governance, basic principles, procedures, and rights of citizens. Here's an overview of its structure and functioning:

1. Preamble:

• It outlines the ideals and objectives of the Constitution.
• It declares India to be a sovereign, socialist, secular, and democratic republic.

2. Parts:

• The Constitution is divided into 25 parts.

3. Articles:

• The Constitution comprises 448 articles in 25 parts.
• These articles deal with various aspects of governance, rights, and responsibilities.

4. Schedules:

• There are 12 schedules in the Indian Constitution, which contain lists, tables, and other administrative details.

5. Amendments:

• The Constitution can be amended by Parliament.
• There have been 105 amendments to date.

6. Features:

• Federal System with Unitary Bias:

  • India has a federal structure with a strong center.
  • The powers are divided between the center and the states.

• Parliamentary Democracy:

  • The President is the head of state, while the Prime Minister is the head of government.
  • Parliament consists of the President and two houses: the Lok Sabha (House of the People) and the Rajya Sabha (Council of States).

• Fundamental Rights:

  • These are rights guaranteed to the citizens of India to ensure equality and prevent discrimination.

• Directive Principles of State Policy:

  • These are guidelines for the government to establish a just society.

• Fundamental Duties:

  • Citizens have certain duties towards the nation, as enshrined in the Constitution.

• Independent Judiciary:

  • The judiciary in India is independent and is responsible for upholding the rule of law and protecting the rights of citizens.

• Secularism:

  • India is a secular state, ensuring equal treatment of all religions.

• Single Citizenship:

  • Unlike some federal countries, India has a single citizenship for the entire country.

• Emergency Provisions:

  • The Constitution allows for the declaration of three types of emergencies: national, state, and financial.

7. Working:

• The Constitution provides the framework for the functioning of the government.
• It defines the powers and responsibilities of the three branches of government: the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary.
• It ensures the protection of the rights and freedoms of the citizens.
• The Constitution also provides for the mechanism of amendment to adapt to changing times and needs.

The Constitution of India is a living document that has evolved over time, reflecting the values, aspirations, and needs of the Indian society.