Constitutional Law of India -II

1. Fundamental Rights (Articles 12-35):

• Guarantee civil liberties to the citizens.
• Include right to equality, right to freedom, right against exploitation, right to freedom of religion, cultural and educational rights, and right to constitutional remedies.

2. Directive Principles of State Policy (Articles 36-51):

• Direct the state in policy-making for socio-economic welfare.
• Though not enforceable by the courts, these principles are fundamental in governance.

3. President of India (Articles 52-62):

• The head of the state.
• Powers include appointment of Prime Minister, dissolution of Lok Sabha, etc.

4. Vice-President of India (Articles 63-73):

• Acts as the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
• Can act as President in case of a vacancy.

5. Prime Minister and Council of Ministers (Articles 74-75):

• Prime Minister is the head of the government.
• Council of Ministers aid and advise the President.

6. Parliament (Articles 79-122):

• Consists of President, Lok Sabha, and Rajya Sabha.
• Has the power to make laws.

7. State Legislature (Articles 168-212):

• Each state in India has its own legislature.
• Similar to the Parliament at the center.

8. Supreme Court of India (Articles 124-147):

• The highest judicial body in the country.
• Guardian of the Constitution.

9. High Courts (Articles 214-231):

• Each state has a High Court.
• Ensures the protection of fundamental rights.

10. Union Territories (Articles 239-241):

• Certain areas directly governed by the central government.

11. Scheduled and Tribal Areas (Articles 244-244A):

• Special provisions for the administration of certain areas with tribal populations.

12. Amendment of the Constitution (Article 368):

• Provides the procedure for amending the Constitution.
• Amendments can be initiated by Parliament.

13. Miscellaneous (Articles 245-255):

• Deals with the distribution of powers between the Union and the States.
• Deals with the administration and control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes.

14. Special Provisions relating to certain classes (Articles 330-342):

• Reservations for SC/ST and Anglo-Indians in legislatures.

15. Official Language (Articles 343-351):

• Hindi in Devanagari script is the official language of India.
• English is also used for official purposes.

16. Election Commission (Articles 324-329):

• Independent body responsible for conducting elections.

17. Special Provisions for SC/ST and OBC (Articles 330-342):

• Reservations in educational institutions and government jobs.

18. Panchayats and Municipalities (Articles 243-243O):

• Provides for local self-government.

19. Finance, Property, Contracts, and Suits (Articles 266-300A):

• Deals with financial matters, public funds, etc.

20. Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32):

• The right to move the Supreme Court for enforcement of fundamental rights.

21. Right to Education (Article 21A):

• The state shall provide free and compulsory education to all children aged between 6 and 14 years.

22. Separation of Judiciary from Executive (Article 50):

• The state shall take steps to separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the state.