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Thursday, April 25, 2024

448 ARTICLES - 25 PARTS OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA-THE NUMBER OF ARTICLES IN EACH PART.

 448 ARTICLES IN  25 PARTS OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA ALONG WITH THE NUMBER OF ARTICLES IN EACH PART.

Part I - The Union and its Territory (Articles 1-4)

  1. Article 1: Name and territory of the Union.
  2. Article 2: Admission or establishment of new States.
  3. Article 3: Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries, or names of existing States.
  4. Article 4: Laws made under Articles 2 and 3 to provide for the amendment of the First and the Fourth Schedules and supplemental, incidental and consequential matters.

Part II - Citizenship (Articles 5-11)

  1. Article 5: Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution.
  2. Article 6: Rights of citizenship of certain persons who have migrated to India from Pakistan.
  3. Article 7: Rights of citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan.
  4. Article 8: Rights of citizenship of certain persons of Indian origin residing outside India.
  5. Article 9: Persons voluntarily acquiring citizenship of a foreign State not to be citizens.
  6. Article 10: Continuance of the rights of citizenship.
  7. Article 11: Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law.

Part III - Fundamental Rights (Articles 12-35)

  1. Article 12: Definition.
  2. Article 13: Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights.
  3. Article 14: Equality before law.
  4. Article 15: Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.
  5. Article 16: Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.
  6. Article 17: Abolition of Untouchability.
  7. Article 18: Abolition of titles.
  8. Article 19: Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc.
  9. Article 20: Protection in respect of conviction for offences.
  10. Article 21: Protection of life and personal liberty.
  11. Article 21A: Right to education.
  12. Article 22: Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases.
  13. Article 23: Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour.
  14. Article 24: Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc.
  15. Article 25: Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion.
  16. Article 26: Freedom to manage religious affairs.
  17. Article 27: Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion.
  18. Article 28: Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational institutions.
  19. Article 29: Protection of interests of minorities.
  20. Article 30: Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions.
  21. Article 31: Repealed.
  22. Article 31A: Saving of laws providing for acquisition of estates, etc.
  23. Article 31B: Validation of certain Acts and Regulations.
  24. Article 31C: Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles.
  25. Article 31D: [Omitted]
  26. Article 32: Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part.
  27. Article 33: Power of Parliament to modify the rights conferred by this Part in their application to Forces, etc.
  28. Article 34: Restriction on rights conferred by this Part while martial law is in force in any area.
  29. Article 35: Legislation to give effect to the provisions of this Part.

Part IV - Directive Principles of State Policy (Articles 36-51)

  1. Article 36: Definition.
  2. Article 37: Application of the principles contained in this Part.
  3. Article 38: State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people.
  4. Article 39: Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State.
  5. Article 39A: Equal justice and free legal aid.
  6. Article 40: Organisation of village panchayats.
  7. Article 41: Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases.
  8. Article 42: Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief.
  9. Article 43: Living wage, etc., for workers.
  10. Article 43A: Participation of workers in management of industries.
  11. Article 44: Uniform civil code for the citizens.
  12. Article 45: Provision for free and compulsory education for children.
  13. Article 46: Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections.
  14. Article 47: Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health.
  15. Article 48: Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry.
  16. Article 48A: Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wild life.
  17. Article 49: Protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance.
  18. Article 50: Separation of judiciary from executive.
  19. Article 51: Promotion of international peace and security.

Part IVA - Fundamental Duties (Article 51A)

  1. Article 51A: Fundamental duties.

Part V - The Union (Articles 52-151)

  1. Article 52: The President of India.
  2. Article 53: Executive power of the Union.
  3. Article 54: Election of President.
  4. Article 55: Manner of election of President.
  5. Article 56: Term of office of President.
  6. Article 57: Eligibility for re-election.
  7. Article 58: Qualifications for election as President.
  8. Article 59: Conditions of President’s office.
  9. Article 60: Oath or affirmation by the President.
  10. Article 61: Procedure for impeachment of the President.
  11. Article 62: Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of President and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy.
  12. Article 63: The Vice-President of India.
  13. Article 64: The Vice-President to be ex officio Chairman of the Council of States.
  14. Article 65: The Vice-President to act as President or to discharge his functions during casual vacancies in the office, or during the absence, of President.
  15. Article 66: Election of Vice-President.
  16. Article 67: Term of office of Vice-President.
  17. Article 68: Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of Vice-President and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy.
  18. Article 69: Oath or affirmation by the Vice-President.
  19. Article 70: Discharge of President’s functions in other contingencies.
  20. Article 71: Matters relating to, or connected with, the election of a President or Vice-President.
  21. Article 72: Power of President to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases.
  22. Article 73: Extent of executive power of the Union.
  23. Article 74: Council of Ministers to aid and advise President.
  24. Article 75: Other provisions as to Ministers.

    Part V - The Union (Articles 52-151) - Continued

  25. Article 76: Attorney General for India.
  26. Article 77: Conduct of business of the Government of India.
  27. Article 78: Duties of Prime Minister as respects the furnishing of information to the President, etc.
  28. Article 79: Constitution of Parliament.
  29. Article 80: Composition of the Council of States.
  30. Article 81: Composition of the House of the People.
  31. Article 82: Allocation of seats in the House of the People.
  32. Article 83: Duration of Houses of Parliament.
  33. Article 84: Qualification for membership of Parliament.
  34. Article 85: Sessions of Parliament, prorogation and dissolution.
  35. Article 86: Right of President to address and send messages to Houses.
  36. Article 87: Special address by the President.
  37. Article 88: Rights of Ministers and Attorney-General as respects Houses.
  38. Article 89: Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members.
  39. Article 90: Vacation of seats.
  40. Article 91: Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Parliament and of the members and committees thereof.
  41. Article 92: Officers of Parliament.
  42. Article 93: Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of the People.
  43. Article 94: Speaker and Deputy Chairman of the Council of States.
  44. Article 95: Deputy Speaker of the House of the People and Deputy Chairman of the Council of States.
  45. Article 96: The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Council of States.
  46. Article 97: Salaries and allowances of members.
  47. Article 98: Secretariat of Parliament.
  48. Article 99: Oath or affirmation by members.
  49. Article 100: Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum.
  50. Article 101: Vacation of seats, etc., not to invalidate proceedings.
  51. Article 102: Disqualifications for membership.
  52. Article 103: Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members.
  53. Article 104: Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under article 99 or when not qualified or when disqualified.
  54. Article 105: Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Parliament and of the members and committees thereof.
  55. Article 106: Salaries and allowances of members.
  56. Article 107: Secretariat of Parliament.
  57. Article 108: Oath or affirmation by members.
  58. Article 109: Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum.
  59. Article 110: Definition of “Money Bills”.
  60. Article 111: Assent to Bills.
  61. Article 112: Annual financial statement.
  62. Article 113: Procedure in Parliament with respect to estimates.
  63. Article 114: Appropriation Bills.
  64. Article 115: Supplementary, additional or excess grants.
  65. Article 116: Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants.
  66. Article 117: Special provisions as to financial Bills.
  67. Article 118: Rules of procedure.

Part VI - The States (Articles 152-237)

  1. Article 152: Definition.
  2. Article 153: Governors of States.
  3. Article 154: Executive power of State.
  4. Article 155: Appointment of Governor.
  5. Article 156: Term of office of Governor.
  6. Article 157: Qualifications for appointment as Governor.
  7. Article 158: Conditions of Governor’s office.
  8. Article 159: Oath or affirmation by the Governor.
  9. Article 160: Discharge of the functions of the Governor in certain contingencies.
  10. Article 161: Power of Governor to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases.
  11. Article 162: Extent of executive power of State.
  12. Article 163: Council of Ministers to aid and advise Governor.
  13. Article 164: Other provisions as to Ministers.
  14. Article 165: Advocate-General for the State.
  15. Article 166: Conduct of business of the Government of a State.
  16. Article 167: Duties of Chief Minister as respects the furnishing of information to Governor, etc.
  17. Article 168: Sessions of the State Legislature, prorogation and dissolution.
  18. Article 169: Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in States.
  19. Article 170: Composition of the Legislative Assemblies.
  20. Article 171: Composition of the Legislative Councils.
  21. Article 172: Duration of State Legislatures.
  22. Article 173: Qualification for membership of the State Legislature.
  23. Article 174: Sessions of the State Legislature, prorogation and dissolution.
  24. Article 175: Right of Governor to address and send messages to the House or Houses.
  25. Article 176: Special address by the Governor.
  26. Article 177: Rights of Ministers and Advocate-General as respects the Houses.
  27. Article 178: Functions of the Chief Minister.
  28. Article 179: Oath or affirmation by the Governor.
  29. Article 180: Assent to Bills.
  30. Article 181: Bills reserved for consideration.
  31. Article 182: Grants from the State.
  32. Article 183: Power to make grants.
  33. Article 184: Expenditure defrayable by the State.
  34. Article 185: Supplementary, additional or excess grants.
  35. Article 186: Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants.
  36. Article 187: Special provisions as to financial Bills.
  37. Article 188: Oath or affirmation by Members.
  38. Article 189: Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum.
  39. Article 190: Vacation of seats, etc., not to invalidate proceedings.
  40. Article 191: Disqualifications for membership.
  41. Article 192: Decision on questions as to disqualifications of Members.
  42. Article 193: Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under article 188 or when not qualified or when disqualified.
  43. Article 194: Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Legislatures and of the members and committees thereof.
  44. Article 195: Salaries and allowances of Members.
  45. Article 196: Secretariat of State Legislature.
  46. Article 197: Oath or affirmation by Members.
  47. Article 198: Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum.
  48. Article 199: Definition of “Money Bills”.
  49. Article 200: Assent to Bills.
  50. Article 201: Annual financial statement.
  51. Article 202: Procedure in Legislature with respect to estimates.
  52. Article 203: Appropriation Bills.
  53. Article 204: Supplementary, additional or excess grants.
  54. Article 205: Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants.
  55. Article 206: Special provisions as to financial Bills.
  56. Article 207: Power of Governor to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature.
  57. Article 208: Duties of Chief Minister as respects the furnishing of information to Governor, etc.
  58. Article 209: The Governor.
  59. Article 210: Ministers.
  60. Article 211: Conduct of business of the Government of a State.
  61. Article 212: Courts not to inquire into proceedings of the Legislature.
  62. Article 213: Power of Governor to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature.
  63. Article 214: High Courts for States.
  64. Article 215: High Courts to be courts of record.
  65. Article 216: Constitution of High Courts.
  66. Article 217: Appointment and conditions of the office of a Judge of a High Court.
  67. Article 218: Application of certain provisions relating to Supreme Court to High Courts.
  68. Article 219: Oath or affirmation by Judges of High Courts.
  69. Article 220: Restrictions on practice after being a permanent Judge.
  70. Article 221: Salaries, etc., of Judges.
  71. Article 222: Transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another.
  72. Article 223: Appointment of acting Chief Justice.
  73. Article 224: Appointment of additional and acting Judges.
  74. Article 224A: Appointment of retired Judges at sittings of High Courts.
  75. Article 225: Jurisdiction of existing High Courts.
  76. Article 226: Power of High Courts to issue certain writs.
  77. Article 227: Power of superintendence over all courts by the High Court.
  78. Article 228: Transfer of certain cases to High Court.
  79. Article 229: Officers and servants and the expenses of High Courts.
  80. Article 230: Extension of jurisdiction of High Courts to Union territories.
  81. Article 231: Establishment of a common High Court for two or more States.
  82. Article 232: Retirement of Judges.
  83. Article 233: Appointment of District Judges.
  84. Article 234: Recruitment of persons other than District Judges to the judicial service.
  85. Article 235: Control over subordinate courts.
  86. Article 236: Interpretation.
  87. Article 237: Application to Union territories.

Part VII - The States in Part B of the First Schedule (Repealed)

  1. Article 238: Repealed.

Part VIII - The Union Territories (Articles 239-242)

  1. Article 239: Administration of Union territories.
  2. Article 239A: Creation of local Legislatures or Council of Ministers or both for certain Union territories.
  3. Article 239AA: Special provisions with respect to Delhi.
  4. Article 239AB: Provision in case of failure of constitutional machinery.
  5. Article 239B: Power of administrator to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature.
  6. Article 239BB: Council of Ministers for Union territories.
  7. Article 240: Power of President to make regulations for certain Union territories.
  8. Article 241: High Courts for Union territories.
  9. Article 242: [Omitted].

Part IX - The Panchayats (Articles 243-243O)

  1. Article 243: Definitions.
  2. Article 243A: Gram Sabha.
  3. Article 243B: Constitution of Panchayats.
  4. Article 243C: Composition of Panchayats.
  5. Article 243D: Reservation of seats.
  6. Article 243E: Duration of Panchayats, etc.
  7. Article 243F: Disqualifications for membership.
  8. Article 243G: Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats.
  9. Article 243H: Powers to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Panchayats.
  10. Article 243-I: Constitution of Finance Commission to review financial position.
  11. Article 243J: Audit of accounts of Panchayats.
  12. Article 243K: Elections to the Panchayats.
  13. Article 243L: Application to Union territories.
  14. Article 243M: Part not to apply to certain areas.
  15. Article 243N: Continuance of existing laws and Panchayats.
  16. Article 243O: Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters.

Part IXA - The Municipalities (Articles 243P-243ZG)

  1. Article 243P: Definitions.
  2. Article 243Q: Constitution of Municipalities.
  3. Article 243R: Composition of Municipalities.
  4. Article 243S: Constitution and composition of Wards Committees, etc.
  5. Article 243T: Reservation of seats.
  6. Article 243U: Duration of Municipalities, etc.
  7. Article 243V: Disqualifications for membership.
  8. Article 243W: Powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities, etc.
  9. Article 243X: Power to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Municipalities.
  10. Article 243Y: Finance Commission.
  11. Article 243Z: Audit of accounts of Municipalities.
  12. Article 243ZA: Elections to the Municipalities.
  13. Article 243ZB: Application to Union territories.
  14. Article 243ZC: Part not to apply to certain areas.
  15. Article 243ZD: Committee for district planning.
  16. Article 243ZE: Committee for metropolitan planning.
  17. Article 243ZF: Continuance of existing laws and Municipalities.
  18. Article 243ZG: Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters.

Part IXB - The Co-operative Societies (Repealed)

  1. Article 243ZHA: Repealed.
  2. Article 243ZHB: Repealed.
  3. Article 243ZHC: Repealed.
  4. Article 243ZHD: Repealed.
  5. Article 243ZHE: Repealed.
  6. Article 243ZHF: Repealed.
  7. Article 243ZHG: Repealed.
  8. Article 243ZI: Repealed.
  9. Article 243ZJ: Repealed.
  10. Article 243ZK: Repealed.
  11. Article 243ZL: Repealed.
  12. Article 243ZM: Repealed.
  13. Article 243ZN: Repealed.
  14. Article 243ZO: Repealed.

Part X - The Scheduled and Tribal Areas (Articles 244-244A)

  1. Article 244: Administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas.
  2. Article 244A: Formation of an autonomous State comprising certain tribal areas in Assam and creation of local Legislature or Council of Ministers or both therefor.

Part XI - Relations between the Union and the States (Articles 245-263)

  1. Article 245: Extent of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States.
  2. Article 246: Subject-matter of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States.
  3. Article 247: Power of Parliament to provide for the establishment of certain additional courts.
  4. Article 248: Residuary powers of legislation.
  5. Article 249: Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to a matter in the State List in the national interest.
  6. Article 250: Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to any matter in the State List if a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation.
  7. Article 251: Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament under articles 249 and 250 and laws made by the Legislatures of States.
  8. Article 252: Power of Parliament to legislate for two or more States by consent and adoption of such legislation by any other State.
  9. Article 253: Legislation for giving effect to international agreements.
  10. Article 254: Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament and laws made by the Legislatures of States.
  11. Article 255: Requirements as to recommendations and previous sanctions to be regarded as matters of procedure only.
  12. Article 256: Obligation of States and the Union.
  13. Article 257: Control of the Union over States in certain cases.
  14. Article 258: Power of the Union to confer powers, etc., on States in certain cases.
  15. Article 258A: Power of the States to entrust functions to the Union.
  16. Article 259: [Omitted].
  17. Article 260: Jurisdiction of the Union in relation to territories outside India.
  18. Article 261: Public acts, records and judicial proceedings.
  19. Article 262: Adjudication of disputes relating to waters.
  20. Article 263: Provisions with respect to an inter-State Council.

Part XII - Finance, Property, Contracts, and Suits (Articles 264-300A)

  1. Article 264: Interpretation.
  2. Article 265: Taxes not to be imposed save by authority of law.
  3. Article 266: Consolidated Funds and public accounts of India and of the States.
  4. Article 267: Contingency Fund.
  5. Article 268: Duties levied by the Union but collected and appropriated by the States.
  6. Article 268A: Service tax levied by Union and collected and appropriated by the Union and the States.
  7. Article 269: Taxes levied and collected by the Union but assigned to the States.
  8. Article 269A: Levy and collection of goods and services tax in course of inter-State trade or commerce.
  9. Article 270: Taxes levied and distributed between the Union and the States.
  10. Article 271: Surcharge on certain duties and taxes for purposes of the Union.
  11. Article 272: [Omitted].
  12. Article 273: Grants in lieu of export duty on jute and jute products.
  13. Article 274: Prior recommendation of President required to Bills affecting taxation in which States are interested.
  14. Article 275: Grants from the Union to certain States.
  15. Article 276: Taxes on professions, trades, callings, and employments.
  16. Article 277: Savings.
  17. Article 278: [Omitted].
  18. Article 279: Calculation of “net proceeds”, etc.
  19. Article 280: Finance Commission.
  20. Article 281: [Omitted].
  21. Article 282: Expenditure defrayable by the Union or a State out of its revenues.
  22. Article 283: Custody, etc., of Consolidated Funds, Contingency Funds and moneys credited to the public accounts.
  23. Article 284: Custody of suitors’ deposits and other moneys received by public servants and courts.
  24. Article 285: Exemption of property of the Union from State taxation.
  25. Article 286: Restrictions as to imposition of tax on the sale or purchase of goods.
  26. Article 287: Exemption from taxes on electricity.
  27. Article 288: Exemption from taxation by States in respect of water or electricity in certain cases.
  28. Article 289: Exemption of property and income of a State from Union taxation.
  29. Article 290: Adjustment in respect of certain expenses and pensions.
  30. Article 291: [Repealed].
  31. Article 292: Borrowing by the Government of India.
  32. Article 293: Borrowing by States.
  33. Article 294: Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in certain cases.
  34. Article 295: Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in other cases.
  35. Article 296: Property accruing by escheat or laps or as bona vacantia.
  36. Article 297: Things of value within territorial waters or continental shelf and resources of the exclusive economic zone to vest in the Union.
  37. Article 298: Power to carry on trade, etc.
  38. Article 299: Contracts.
  39. Article 300: Suits and proceedings.

Part XIII - Trade, Commerce and Intercourse within the Territory of India (Articles 301-307)

  1. Article 301: Freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse.
  2. Article 302: Power of Parliament to impose restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse.
  3. Article 303: Restrictions on the legislative powers of the Union and of the States with regard to trade and commerce.
  4. Article 304: Restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse among States.
  5. Article 305: Saving of existing laws and laws providing for State monopolies.
  6. Article 306: [Repealed].
  7. Article 307: Appointment of authority for carrying out the purposes of articles 301 to 304.

Part XIV - Services under the Union and the States (Articles 308-323)

  1. Article 308: Interpretation.
  2. Article 309: Recruitment and conditions of service of persons serving the Union or a State.
  3. Article 310: Tenure of office of persons serving the Union or a State.
  4. Article 311: Dismissal, removal or reduction in rank of persons employed in civil capacities under the Union or a State.
  5. Article 312: All-India services.
  6. Article 313: Transitional provisions.

Part XIV - Services under the Union and the States (Articles 308-323) - Continued

  1. Article 314: [Repealed].
  2. Article 315: Public Service Commissions for the Union and for the States.
  3. Article 316: Appointment and term of office of members.
  4. Article 317: Removal and suspension of a member of a Public Service Commission.
  5. Article 318: Power to make regulations as to conditions of service of members and staff of the Commission.
  6. Article 319: Prohibition as to the holding of offices by members of Commission on ceasing to be such members.
  7. Article 320: Functions of Public Service Commissions.
  8. Article 321: Power to extend functions of Public Service Commissions.
  9. Article 322: Expenses of Public Service Commissions.
  10. Article 323: Reports of Public Service Commissions.
  11. Article 323A: Administrative tribunals.
  12. Article 323B: Tribunals for other matters.

Part XIVA - Tribunals (Articles 323A-323B)

  1. Article 323A: Administrative tribunals.
  2. Article 323B: Tribunals for other matters.

Part XV - Elections (Articles 324-329A)

  1. Article 324: Superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested in an Election Commission.
  2. Article 325: No person to be ineligible for inclusion in, or to claim to be included in a special, electoral roll on grounds of religion, race, caste or sex.
  3. Article 326: Elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assemblies of States to be on the basis of adult suffrage.
  4. Article 327: Power of Parliament to make provision with respect to elections to Legislatures.
  5. Article 328: Power of Legislature of a State to make provision with respect to elections to such Legislature.
  6. Article 329: Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters.
  7. Article 329A: [Repealed].

Part XVI - Special Provisions Relating to Certain Classes (Articles 330-342)

  1. Article 330: Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People.
  2. Article 331: Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the House of the People.
  3. Article 332: Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assemblies of the States.
  4. Article 333: Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the Legislative Assemblies of the States.
  5. Article 334: Reservation of seats and special representation to cease after [sixty years].
  6. Article 335: Claims of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to services and posts.
  7. Article 336: Special provision for Anglo-Indian community in certain services.
  8. Article 337: Special provision with respect to educational grants for the benefit of Anglo-Indian community.
  9. Article 338: National Commission for Scheduled Castes.
  10. Article 338A: National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.
  11. Article 339: Control of the Union over the administration of Scheduled Areas and the welfare of Scheduled Tribes.

Part XVII - Official Language (Articles 343-351)

  1. Article 343: Official language of the Union.
  2. Article 344: Commission and Committee of Parliament on official language.
  3. Article 345: Official language or languages of a State.
  4. Article 346: Official language for communication between one State and another or between a State and the Union.
  5. Article 347: Special provision relating to language spoken by a section of the population of a State.
  6. Article 348: Language to be used in the Supreme Court and in the High Courts and for Acts, Bills, etc.
  7. Article 349: Special procedure for enactment of certain laws relating to language.
  8. Article 350: Language to be used in representations for redress of grievances.
  9. Article 350A: Facilities for instruction in mother-tongue at primary stage.
  10. Article 350B: Special Officer for linguistic minorities.

Part XVIII - Emergency Provisions (Articles 352-360)

  1. Article 352: Proclamation of Emergency.
  2. Article 353: Effect of Proclamation of Emergency.
  3. Article 354: Application of provisions relating to distribution of revenues while a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation.
  4. Article 355: Duty of the Union to protect States against external aggression and internal disturbance.
  5. Article 356: Provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery in States.
  6. Article 357: Exercise of legislative powers under Proclamation issued under article 356.
  7. Article 358: Suspension of provisions of article 19 during emergencies.
  8. Article 359: Suspension of the enforcement of the rights conferred by Part III during emergencies.
  9. Article 359A: [Repealed].
  10. Article 360: Provisions as to financial emergency.

Part XIX - Miscellaneous (Articles 361-367)

  1. Article 361: Protection of President and Governors and Rajpramukhs.
  2. Article 362: [Repealed].
  3. Article 363: Bar to interference by courts in disputes arising out of certain treaties, agreements, etc.
  4. Article 364: Definitions.
  5. Article 365: Effect of failure to comply with, or to give effect to, directions given by the Union.
  6. Article 366: Definitions.

Part XX - Amendment of the Constitution (Articles 368)

  1. Article 368: Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure therefor.
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Part XXI - Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions (Articles 369-392)

  1. Article 369: Temporary power to Parliament to make laws with respect to certain matters in the State List as if they were matters in the Concurrent List.
  2. Article 370: Temporary provisions with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
  3. Article 371: Special provisions with respect to the States of Maharashtra and Gujarat.
  4. Article 371A: Special provision with respect to the State of Nagaland.
  5. Article 371B: Special provision with respect to the State of Assam.
  6. Article 371C: Special provision with respect to the States of Manipur, Mizoram, and Sikkim.
  7. Article 371D: Special provisions with respect to the State of Andhra Pradesh.
  8. Article 371E: Establishment of Central University in Andhra Pradesh.
  9. Article 371F: Special provisions with respect to the State of Sikkim.
  10. Article 371G: Special provision with respect to the State of Mizoram.
  11. Article 371H: Special provision with respect to the State of Arunachal Pradesh.
  12. Article 371I: Special provision with respect to the State of Goa.
  13. Article 371J: Special provision with respect to the State of Karnataka.
  14. Article 372: Continuance in force of existing laws and their adaptation.
  15. Article 372A: Power of the President to adapt laws.
  16. Article 373: Power of President to make order in respect of persons under preventive detention in certain cases.
  17. Article 374: Provisions as to Judges of the Federal Court and proceedings pending in the Federal Court or before His Majesty in Council.
  18. Article 375: Courts, authorities and officers to continue to function subject to the provisions of the Constitution.
  19. Article 376: Provisions as to Judges of High Courts.
  20. Article 377: Provisions as to Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.
  21. Article 378: Provisions as to Public Service Commissions.
  22. Article 378A: Special provision as to duration of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly.
  23. Article 379: [Repealed].
  24. Article 380: [Repealed].
  25. Article 381: [Repealed].
  26. Article 382: [Repealed].
  27. Article 383: [Repealed].
  28. Article 384: [Repealed].
  29. Article 385: [Repealed].
  30. Article 386: [Repealed].
  31. Article 387: [Repealed].
  32. Article 388: [Repealed].
  33. Article 389: [Repealed].
  34. Article 390: [Repealed].
  35. Article 391: [Repealed].
  36. Article 392: [Repealed].

Part XXII - Short title, Commencement, Authoritative text in Hindi and Repeals (Articles 393-395)

  1. Article 393: Short title.
  2. Article 394: Commencement.
  3. Article 395: Repeals.

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25 parts of the Constitution of India

 25 parts of the Constitution of India

  1. Part I - The Union and its Territory
  2. Part II - Citizenship
  3. Part III - Fundamental Rights
  4. Part IV - Directive Principles of State Policy
  5. Part IVA - Fundamental Duties
  6. Part V - The Union
  7. Part VI - The States
  8. Part VII - The States in Part B of the First Schedule (Repealed)
  9. Part VIII - The Union Territories
  10. Part IX - The Panchayats
  11. Part IXA - The Municipalities
  12. Part IXB - The Co-operative Societies (Repealed)
  13. Part X - The Scheduled and Tribal Areas
  14. Part XI - Relations between the Union and the States
  15. Part XII - Finance, Property, Contracts, and Suits
  16. Part XIII - Trade, Commerce and Intercourse within the Territory of India
  17. Part XIV - Services under the Union and the States
  18. Part XIVA - Tribunals
  19. Part XV - Elections
  20. Part XVI - Special Provisions Relating to Certain Classes
  21. Part XVII - Languages
  22. Part XVIII - Emergency Provisions
  23. Part XIX - Miscellaneous
  24. Part XX - Amendment of the Constitution
  25. Part XXI - Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions

 

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Structure and working of India constitution

 Structure and working of India constitution

The Constitution of India is the supreme law of the country, laying down the framework for governance, basic principles, procedures, and rights of citizens. Here's an overview of its structure and functioning:

1. Preamble:

  • It outlines the ideals and objectives of the Constitution.
  • It declares India to be a sovereign, socialist, secular, and democratic republic.

2. Parts:

  • The Constitution is divided into 25 parts.

3. Articles:

  • The Constitution comprises 448 articles in 25 parts.
  • These articles deal with various aspects of governance, rights, and responsibilities.

4. Schedules:

  • There are 12 schedules in the Indian Constitution, which contain lists, tables, and other administrative details.

5. Amendments:

  • The Constitution can be amended by Parliament.
  • There have been 105 amendments to date.

6. Features:

  • Federal System with Unitary Bias:

    • India has a federal structure with a strong center.
    • The powers are divided between the center and the states.

  • Parliamentary Democracy:

    • The President is the head of state, while the Prime Minister is the head of government.
    • Parliament consists of the President and two houses: the Lok Sabha (House of the People) and the Rajya Sabha (Council of States).

  • Fundamental Rights:

    • These are rights guaranteed to the citizens of India to ensure equality and prevent discrimination.

  • Directive Principles of State Policy:

    • These are guidelines for the government to establish a just society.

  • Fundamental Duties:

    • Citizens have certain duties towards the nation, as enshrined in the Constitution.

  • Independent Judiciary:

    • The judiciary in India is independent and is responsible for upholding the rule of law and protecting the rights of citizens.

  • Secularism:

    • India is a secular state, ensuring equal treatment of all religions.

  • Single Citizenship:

    • Unlike some federal countries, India has a single citizenship for the entire country.

  • Emergency Provisions:

    • The Constitution allows for the declaration of three types of emergencies: national, state, and financial.

7. Working:

  • The Constitution provides the framework for the functioning of the government.
  • It defines the powers and responsibilities of the three branches of government: the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary.
  • It ensures the protection of the rights and freedoms of the citizens.
  • The Constitution also provides for the mechanism of amendment to adapt to changing times and needs.

The Constitution of India is a living document that has evolved over time, reflecting the values, aspirations, and needs of the Indian society.

 

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Constitutional Law of India -II

 Constitutional Law of India -II

1. Fundamental Rights (Articles 12-35):

  • Guarantee civil liberties to the citizens.
  • Include right to equality, right to freedom, right against exploitation, right to freedom of religion, cultural and educational rights, and right to constitutional remedies.

2. Directive Principles of State Policy (Articles 36-51):

  • Direct the state in policy-making for socio-economic welfare.
  • Though not enforceable by the courts, these principles are fundamental in governance.

3. President of India (Articles 52-62):

  • The head of the state.
  • Powers include appointment of Prime Minister, dissolution of Lok Sabha, etc.

4. Vice-President of India (Articles 63-73):

  • Acts as the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
  • Can act as President in case of a vacancy.

5. Prime Minister and Council of Ministers (Articles 74-75):

  • Prime Minister is the head of the government.
  • Council of Ministers aid and advise the President.

6. Parliament (Articles 79-122):

  • Consists of President, Lok Sabha, and Rajya Sabha.
  • Has the power to make laws.

7. State Legislature (Articles 168-212):

  • Each state in India has its own legislature.
  • Similar to the Parliament at the center.

8. Supreme Court of India (Articles 124-147):

  • The highest judicial body in the country.
  • Guardian of the Constitution.

9. High Courts (Articles 214-231):

  • Each state has a High Court.
  • Ensures the protection of fundamental rights.

10. Union Territories (Articles 239-241):

  • Certain areas directly governed by the central government.

11. Scheduled and Tribal Areas (Articles 244-244A):

  • Special provisions for the administration of certain areas with tribal populations.

12. Amendment of the Constitution (Article 368):

  • Provides the procedure for amending the Constitution.
  • Amendments can be initiated by Parliament.

13. Miscellaneous (Articles 245-255):

  • Deals with the distribution of powers between the Union and the States.
  • Deals with the administration and control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes.

14. Special Provisions relating to certain classes (Articles 330-342):

  • Reservations for SC/ST and Anglo-Indians in legislatures.

15. Official Language (Articles 343-351):

  • Hindi in Devanagari script is the official language of India.
  • English is also used for official purposes.

16. Election Commission (Articles 324-329):

  • Independent body responsible for conducting elections.

17. Special Provisions for SC/ST and OBC (Articles 330-342):

  • Reservations in educational institutions and government jobs.

18. Panchayats and Municipalities (Articles 243-243O):

  • Provides for local self-government.

19. Finance, Property, Contracts, and Suits (Articles 266-300A):

  • Deals with financial matters, public funds, etc.

20. Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32):

  • The right to move the Supreme Court for enforcement of fundamental rights.

21. Right to Education (Article 21A):

  • The state shall provide free and compulsory education to all children aged between 6 and 14 years.

22. Separation of Judiciary from Executive (Article 50):

  • The state shall take steps to separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the state.
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