Indian National Movement- significant phase in India's history

National Movement- India

The Indian National Movement was a significant phase in India's history, marked by the struggle for independence from British colonial rule. Lasting for nearly a century, from the late 19th century to India's independence in 1947, this movement was characterized by various phases, strategies, and leaders who played pivotal roles in shaping India's destiny. Here is an overview of the Indian National Movement:

1. Early Nationalism:

• Formation of Indian National Congress (INC): The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885 by A.O. Hume, Dadabhai Naoroji, Dinshaw Wacha, and others. Initially, it aimed to serve as a platform for Indian elites to voice grievances to the British authorities.

• Moderate Phase (1885-1905): During this period, the INC leaders, often called moderates, pursued constitutional reforms, demanded more representation for Indians in government services, and sought to increase awareness of Indian issues.

2. Extremist Phase:

• Rise of Extremism (1905-1919): The partition of Bengal in 1905 led to the rise of extremist leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Lala Lajpat Rai. They advocated for more assertive and militant forms of protest against British rule.

• Swadeshi Movement: The Swadeshi Movement, launched in 1905, aimed to boycott British goods and promote Indian-made products. This movement spread rapidly, emphasizing self-reliance and self-respect.

• Formation of All India Muslim League: The All India Muslim League, formed in 1906, represented the interests of the Muslim community. Initially, it worked in cooperation with the Indian National Congress.

3. Gandhian Era:

• Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922): Mahatma Gandhi launched the Non-Cooperation Movement, calling for Indians to refuse to cooperate with British rule. It included the boycott of British goods, withdrawal from British institutions, and peaceful protests.

• Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934): The Civil Disobedience Movement was launched with the Dandi Salt March in 1930. It aimed to protest against the salt tax imposed by the British government. Indians across the country participated in acts of civil disobedience, including the Salt Satyagraha.

4. Revolutionary Movements:

• Revolutionary Activities: Alongside the non-violent movements led by Gandhi, there were revolutionary movements that believed in armed struggle against British rule. Leaders like Bhagat Singh, Chandrashekhar Azad, and Subhas Chandra Bose played significant roles in these movements.

• Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA): Bhagat Singh and his associates formed the HSRA, advocating for complete independence from British rule and socialist principles.

5. Post-World War II Phase:

• Quit India Movement (1942): The Quit India Movement, also known as the August Movement, was launched by the Indian National Congress under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. It demanded an end to British rule in India.

• INA and Subhas Chandra Bose: Subhas Chandra Bose formed the Indian National Army (INA) to overthrow British rule in India. The INA played a crucial role in India's struggle for independence.

6. Partition and Independence:

• Partition of India: The partition of India in 1947 led to the creation of India and Pakistan. It was accompanied by widespread violence, displacement, and loss of lives.

• Independence: India finally gained independence from British rule on August 15, 1947. Jawaharlal Nehru became the first Prime Minister of independent India.

The Indian National Movement was a watershed moment in Indian history, marked by the sacrifices of countless freedom fighters and the united struggle of the Indian people against colonial rule. It laid the foundation for India's emergence as a sovereign nation and inspired similar movements against colonialism worldwide.